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Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs), which connect brain tissue to machines, have been investigated extensively in recent years. The main purpose of a BMI is to assist paralyzed patients by enabling them to operate machines based on their own brain activity. In this paper, we measure brain activation using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) so as to clarify the relationship between the consciousness and unconsciousness in the motion. It is hope that the results obtained in this study can be applied to machine operation using a BMI. Bio-locomotion is divided into voluntary movements, which are made voluntarily and consciously, and passive movement, which are made passively and unconsciously. Accordingly, we investigate the brain activation associated with these two types of movement. The subjects successively move their lower legs through knee bends using a vibratory device which we made to conduct experiments. The result showed that the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) levels change in the primary motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex during the voluntary movement. We found that the passive movement has little effect on the brain activations. In addition, we measured brain activities during passive movements and vibratory motion. In passive movement, legs are moved passively and unconsciously by vibrations. In vibratory motions, legs are not moved by vibrations. As a result of the measurement, the brain activation of the passive movement is similar to that of the vibratory motion.

Brain Activation Analysis of Voluntary Movement and Passive Movement Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy