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A three-dimensional direct numerical simulation (DNS) is applied to flows inside and outside an evaporating spherical water droplet in air, and the effect of relative humidity on the mass and heat transfer between the droplet and ambient air is investigated. The initial air temperature is set to be 15 K higher than the droplet temperature. The results show that the droplet temperature decreases in the low-humidity condition, whereas increases in the high-humidity condition. As the relative humidity increases, Sherwood and Nusselt numbers decreases and increases, respectively. The reason can be explained in terms of the heat transfer between the droplet and ambient air with the heat loss due to the droplet evaporation. In addition, the evaluation of heat flux suggests that the contribution of dispersed droplets to the total heat transfer in wind-driven turbulence with breaking waves is about 0.5%.

The Effect of Relative Humidity on Mass and Heat Transfer Across the Surface of an Evaporating Droplet