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Three-dimensional flow and thermal fields have been solved numerically for the stepped duct laminar flow for different inlet flow conditions, uniform flow and fully developed flow, focusing on the spatial distribution of the heat transfer coefficient on the bottom wall downstream the step. A larger maximum heat transfer near the side wall and a unique lower heat transfer behind the step are generated in the developed flow case while more uniform heat transfer is obtained in the uniform flow case. Particle trajectory analysis revealed that the large maximum heat transfer is produced by the intensive convection of heat caused by the downward flow near the side wall. The low heat transfer generated behind the step is strongly affected by the three-dimensional structure of the flow recirculation. Its shape is no longer two-dimensional due to the incoming fluids from the side wall and their spiral motions. In the case of developed flow, such motions are quite large and the fluids flow outside from the central part of the duct, so that the low heat transfer is generated there.

Numerical Study on Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Backward-facing Step Flow in a Duct (Effects of Inlet Velocity Profile and Aspect Ratio)