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Objectives: The Josa, which is a Korean grammatical morpheme that indicates a relationship to the clause or conveys a more specific meaning, is an important indicator in the grammar development in early childhood. The purpose of this study was to examine the development of the Josa use in the spontaneous language of children in early childhood.Methods: Fifty young children aged 2;6-3;11 years participated in the study. The participants were classified into three age groups of 6- month interval; late 2-year, early 3-year, and late 3-year groups. Spontaneous language samples comprised of 50 utterances were collected during conversations between the examiner and the participants with books and pictures. The number of total Josa (NTJ), number of different Josa (NDJ), and NTJ and NDJ by subcategory of Josa were measured in the 50 utterances. An ANOVA and multiple regression analysis were conducted.Results: The late 2-year group demonstrated significantly less NTJ and NDJ compared to the early 3-year and late 3- year group respectively. Among NTJ and NDJ by subcategory of Josa, significant differences were found in adverbial, conjunctive, and auxiliary Josa and NDJ of adverbial and conjunctive Josa. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the NTJ of adverbial (39.2%), auxiliary (8.6%), and conjunctive (8%) Josa explained the month of age.Conclusion: The study confirmed the development of Josa use in the spontaneous language of the young children aged 2 and 3. The results of the study help us to understand the development of Josa use in young children and have implications for language assessment and intervention.

The Development of Using the Postpositional Morpheme “Josa” in the Spontaneous Language of 2-3 Year-Old Children