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The number of viable bacteria residing in the human large intestine is more than one trillion per gram of intestinal contents, comprising more than 100 species (3, 13). They form the intestinal flora and maintain either symbiotic or antagonistic relationships with each other. These intestinal bacteria are said to be classified into three categories, namely, beneficial, harmful or neutral, in relation to human health (13). Bifidobacteria were first discovered in 1899 by Tissier in the feces of a breast-fed infant. Initially, it was thought that these bacteria reside only in the infant intestine. Since 1957, when Haenell (9) demonstrated that bifidobacteria were a predominant bacteria in the intestines of adults, many ecological studies on intestinal flora and bifidobacteria have been reported (3, 11, 12, 14). The intestinal flora in hospital patients has been studied in comparison with healthy persons. Benno et al. (2) reported a decrease of bifidobacterial numbers in the feces of patients with gastric cancer, ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. Similar results were observed for patients with liver disease or large bowel cancer. Moreover, many of the physiological effects of bifidobacteria have been clarified. Stimulation of the immune system by bifidobacteria was confirmed in studies by Ueda (17), Fujiwara et al. (7), Yamazaki et al. (18) and Yasui et al. (19). Also, the antitumor effect of bifidobacteria was demonstrated in studies by Kohwi et al. (10), Tsuyuki et al. (16) and Reddy et al. (15). These studies clarified that bifidobacteria are predominant in the intestines of humans at every age, and suggested that they have many beneficial effects on the health of humans. BB536 was initially isolated from the feces of a healthy infant and has been used in many dairy products including fresh milk, yogurt, fermented milk and probiotic products. In this report, we examined the effect of BB536 administration on the fecal flora, fecal putrefactive substances, fecal enzyme activities and other characteristics which indicate the condition of the intestinal environment. Also, the effect of BB536 administration on the defecation frequency and visual fecal characteristics of women volunteers was examined. These studies were performed under the guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration.

bioscience and microflora

Effect of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 Administration on the Intestinal Environment, Defecation Frequency and Fecal Characteristics of Human Volunteers