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To clarify the relationship between blood pressure and insulin resistance, we studied the role of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in skeletal muscle and the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on insulin resistance. Blood pressure and plasma glucose and plasma insulin responses to glucose loading (2 g/kg, i.p.) were measured in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs), and Wistar rats at 8, 12, and 20 wk of age. GLUT4 gene expression and plasma membrane protein content were also determined in the gastrocnemius muscle. SHRs and WKYs at the age of 8 wk had significantly higher plasma glucose levels than did age-matched control Wistar rats. Insulin response also tended to be higher. Glucose intolerance was also present in 12-wk-old SHRs, but normalized at the age of 20 wk. In contrast, WKYs were glucose intolerant at 12 and 20 wk. Gene expression and plasma membrane content of GLUT4 were augmented in both 8-wk-old SHRs and WKYs, indicating a compensatory increase in these variables. Effects of captopril (20-30 mg/kg/d from 8 to 20 wk) on GLUT4 were also investigated in these three strains. Captopril improved steady state plasma glucose levels in association with 1.2- to 2.5-fold higher GLUT4 gene expression and a 1.4-fold increase in skeletal muscle GLUT4 protein in SHRs and WKYs. Our results suggest that (1) not only SHRs but also WKYs may have glucose intolerance and hence insulin resistance; (2) gene expression and protein synthesis of skeletal muscle GLUT4 are probably increased compensatorily, indicating that abnormalities in GLUT4 do not have a pivotal role in the development of insulin resistance in SHRs and WKYs; and (3) captopril stimulates skeletal muscle gene expression and synthesis of GLUT4, providing further evidence of its beneficial effect on glucose metabolism.

hypertension research

Glucose Intolerance in Spontaneously Hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto Rats: Enhanced Gene Expression and Synthesis of Skeletal Muscle Glucose Transporter 4.