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The eggshell is the major source of Ca required during growth of chick embryos. Therefore, chick embryos placed ex ovo for long-term (SL) are rendered severe systemic calcium deficiency. We report here that SL chick embryos express Ca-deficiency related atherogenic disorders, and that in vitro Ca-deficiency induces dedifferentiation, i.e. loss of cell-type specific features and accelerated proliferative activities, in the various types of cultured cells. Systemic blood pressure is significantly higher and an accelerated weight gain of the heart is noted in SL compared to normal embryos (NL) at the incubation Day-14. Plasma cholesterol was lower, while triglyceride and glucose were higher in SL. Varying Ca in the culture medium (FCa, 1.8 mM; HCa, 2.8 mM; Ca/2, 0.9 mM) clearly affected the phenotype of the cultured cardiomyocytes and vascular cells isolated from the chick embryos. The cell number and total DNA were significantly larger and the level of LDH and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was elevated in Ca/2 compared to FCa. On the contrary, the level of CPK and contractile proteins were lowered in Ca/2. Thus, it is indicated that Ca-deficiency induces atherogenic disorders in vivo, and accelerates cell proliferation and decelerates sarcomeric protein expression in vitro. Taken together, it is suggested that the atherogenic, developmental disorders in SL may be the integrated result of the phenotype alteration in the various cell types directly induced by Ca-deficiency.

Major Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis Are Manifested in Experimental Ca-Deficiency