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In this paper, we propose an energy efficient user association scheme for uplink heterogeneous networks with machine-to-machine (M2M) and human-to-human (H2H) coexistence. A group based random access protocol is designed for massive number of machine-type-communications (MTC) user equipment’s (UEs) transmissions. A user association problem is formulated considering the load balance among multiple BSs. A distributed iterative algorithm is developed to solve the optimization problem. In addition, the convergence of the proposed algorithm is proved. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme outperforms other schemes in terms of energy efficiency and load balance. Introduction Recently, machine-to-machine (M2M) applications are playing a more and more important role in our daily life, such as, smart grid, vehicular telematics, healthcare, public safety and so on [1]. The characteristics of M2M communications can be summarized as massive number of devices, extremely low power consumption, small burst transmission, group control, one-way data traffic (uplink), etc. [1]. Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) integrating multiple wireless access technologies can provide a promising architecture for supporting M2M communications. In a heterogeneous cell, the problem of user association, i.e., the problem of determining which base station (BS) serves a particular user by certain rules, is one of major challenges. In addition, energy efficiency optimization has become an important research area in both M2M communications and user association. Therefore, this paper investigates optimization problem of user association aiming at maximizing the network energy efficiency in a wireless uplink heterogeneous network, in which the characteristics of the M2M communications are considered. In the literature, the user association problem has been explored extensively [2]-[13]. In [2], a user association scheme for load balancing was proposed in HetNets. A distributed pricing-based user association scheme was developed for load balancing in downlink heterogeneous cellular networks [3]. In [4], a unified framework was designed for QoS-driven user association. An opportunistic user association scheme was investigated in [5]. An uplink user association scheme based on college admissions game was proposed in [6]. [8] proposed a user association scheme aiming at maximizing BSs’ energy efficiency. In [9], authors developed a joint BS operation and user association algorithm in HetNets. However, the schemes proposed in [2]-[10] are not suitable for massive number of MTC UEs’ transmissions due to allocating fixed resources to each UE. Accordingly, the above mentioned schemes [2]-[10] can not be applied to the user association for M2M communications directly. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient user association scheme for uplink HetNets. A group based random access protocol is designed for massive number of MTC UEs’ transmissions. A user association problem for UEs’ energy efficiency maximization is formulated considering load balance among multiple BSs. A distributed algorithm based on dual theory is developed to solve the proposed problem. Finally, simulation results show that our proposed algorithm can achieve the same performance as the exhaustive search algorithm when the number of UEs is small. Regardless of the

User Association for Load-Balance in Heterogeneous M2M Networks