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Changes which occurred in the agricultural economy of Western Europe in the late Middle Ages, including new farming techniques but espe‐ cially the clearing of new lands, gave man unquestioned domination over the world of nature as early as the threshold of the early modern era. The territories occupied by wild nature shrank considerably, which was accompanied by a decrease in the population of wild animals, constantly replaced by a growing number of domestic animals. At the same time, a division between human and animal space was more and more pronounced – the areas which before had naturally coexisted and penetrated each other. It was mainly the influence of a sudden territorial development and population growth of towns where there was less and less space for animals. Also in the country, for obvious reasons closer to nature than urban areas, there was an actual and symbolic separation of animals and their owners so far sharing one room, when the first ones were accommodated in separate sheds.1 In general, the whole civilised, that is human space – urban streets, houses, fields and gardens – became, as if by definition, less friendly to animals, especially wild ones which began to disappear from a direct field

“Hurtful, venomous, ravening…”: Animals as a Threat in 16th‑ and 17th‑Century England. Selected Examples