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1. “The fifth form of the Commonwealth [apart from monarchy, oligarchy, democracy and aristocracy] is what in our common language is called Commonwealth, and Polity by the Greeks. But because this form is rare, it has no own name, and there is no knowledge about it.”1 Sebastian Petrycy’s thought, interspersed into his translation of Aristotle’s Politics, has not lost – despite the lapse of time – its timeliness and relevance. Neither at that time long ago nor today is it clear what the 16th‐century Commonwealth was. An interesting occasion to make some ascertainment was created by Bathory’s war with Danzig (Gdańsk) waged in 1576‐1577 and many a time described by historians.2 But this conflict, apart from a well‐known military aspect, had also the character of propaganda clash, as was rightly pointed out over a hundred years ago by Kazimierz Morawski in his study devoted to Andrzej Patrycy Nidecki.3 Some other facts in this field have been established by Alodia Kawecka‐Gryczowa and Konrad Zawadzki.4

Who Is the Ruler Here? Dispute between Danzig and Stephen Bathory on the Character of Power in the 16th‑Century Commonwealth