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Philosophy, as the study of fundamental and mainly general problems, concerns such problems as existence, values, mind, language and, generally speaking, almost every topic within the universe. During different times in history, philosophy and its way of reasoning and approaches were changing towards various topics. The ancient philosophers, for instance, were seeking for the first cause, medieval philosophers were looking for the God and classical philosophers were trying to find out how the mind works or where the epicenter of subject is. What are the main issues of contemporary philosophy? There are three categories to distinguish: culture, technology and politics. Although these topics could have been found in almost every work of modern philosopher, their dominant role emerged just recently in postmodern philosophy. There are many proposals of dealing with the given categories. One of them, however, seems to be remarkably different than the rest and it attracts the attention and curiosity of contemporary intellectualists: ‘the Italian theory’. Roberto Esposito, considered to be one of the most significant contemporary philosophers and interpreters of Italian philosophy, proposed to reconstruct the history and essential features of Italian thought from the 16th century to the present. The main goal of the author’s proposal is also the main thesis of the book: to prove that ‘the Italian thought’ ‘is animated by a genealogical vocation generating political, historical, and life paradigms that may revive philosophy’s universal ambitions against its current linguistic relativism.’1 In other words, Esposito claims that ‘the Italian theory’ is a source of knowledge that precedes other philosophies in resolving the contemporary issues. The queries the author attempted to answer in the book are: Is there in fact a difference between Italian and non-Italian thought in philosophy? If yes, what makes the difference? Why should we pay more attention to the Italian philosophy? Can we even say about such thing as ‘the Italian thought’? In order to answer them, Esposito drowned into historical analysis of ‘the Italian theory’ and outlined three main

dialogi polityczne

Roberto Esposito’s Living Thought. Philosophy and Politics in the “Italian Theory”. Roberto Esposito, Living Thought. The Origins and Actuality of Italian Philosophy, Zakiya Hanafi (tr.), Stanford University Press, California 2012, pp. 296