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vero pro parte Russiae’.1 These words, entered in the chronicle of the Franciscan monastery in Lvov and referring to the events related to the Cossack rebellion headed by Bohdan Chmielnicki (Khmel’nyts’kyĭ),2 contain a general, though accurate, refl ection on the situation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and especially its Red Ruthenian lands, in the face of the outbreak of the Cossack uprising in the spring of 1648. The inhabitants of the Commonwealth’s south-eastern territories were heavily affected by the military campaign, and the scale and extent of devastations, infl icted by the Tatar troops and their Cossack auxiliaries, were unprecedented when compared with the effects of the single Tatar raids which occurred in the previous decades.3

The Tatar-Cossack Invasion of 1648: Military Actions, Material Destruction and Demographic Losses in the Land of Przemyśl