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Affiliative relationships in animals are often based on similarity which can facilitate understanding and prediction of the behavior of the social partner (Capitanio et al., 2017; Massen and Koski, 2014; Morton et al., 2015; Weinstein and Capitanio, 2008). Similarity can influence the preference for a partner also in humans, and facilitate cooperation within a dyad. For instance, similarity in vocal dialect seems to increase cooperativeness in humans (Cohen and Haun, 2013; Heblich et al., 2015; Richerson et al., 2016). Vocal accommodation occurs when communication partners adjust their vocalization or speech to a current interaction partner and can provide information about the social relationship between partners. It can take the form of convergence, when communication partners with a strong social bond become more similar, and therefore indicate social closeness. Alternatively, it can take the form of divergence, when partners’ vocalizations become less similar, indicating social distance (Ruch et al., 2017). Since both humans and nonhuman primates appear to preferably interact with others that are similar to oneself (i.e. show homophily, (Haun and Over, 2015)), vocal accommodation may enhance group cohesion and buffer negative effects of vocal difference. The phenomenon of vocal accommodation is well studied in humans but less is known about it in nonhuman primates. Callithrichids are highly vocal monkey species, and different populations show colony specific vocal differences (de la Torre and Snowdon, 2009; Zürcher and Burkart, 2017). Like humans, but unlike more closely related great apes, callitrichids are cooperative breeders and mothers strongly rely on help form their partners and other group members to raise offspring (Snowdon and Cronin, 2007; Snowdon and Ziegler, 2007). In callitrichid common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) breeding pairs, pair bond strength correlates with cooperation in infant care (Finkenwirth, 2016). Furthermore, common marmoset pairs and their offspring show considerable behavioral similarity (group-level personalities that are independent of genetic relatedness: (Koski and Burkart, 2015)). Together, this suggests that it may be favorable for marmosets to be similar to their partners. However, choosing a similar mate may often not be possible due to limited availability of potential partners. In these cases, the ability to become more similar to a new mate would be beneficial. 551

Vocal accommodation in common marmosets: Does similarity buffer tension during pair bond development?