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Young animals which are immature and immobile produce vocalizations such as isolation calls or cries to elicit care from adults. A common feature of these vocalizations is that the several vocal elements make a sequential vocalization. Sequential vocalizations accompany constant control of the air flow (reviewed in Doupe & Kuhl, 1999; Riede & Goller, 2010). Although sequential vocalizations eliciting care may largely be innate and involuntarily controlled for many animals, some animals, such as songbirds, are capable of learning new sequential vocalizations through social experiences. These vocal learners have been found to have a direct projection from cerebral cortex to vocal-respiratory center in medulla (Jurgens, 2002). This direct projection enables voluntary respiration and vocalization during vocal learning. Veit et al. (2011) showed juvenile songbirds learn the link between respiration and vocalization. In human infants, respiratory rate in crying and movements of lung and abdomen change through development (Boliek, Hixon, Watson, & Morgan, 1996; Wilder & Baken, 1974). However, it is not known yet when the shift from involuntary to voluntary respiration occurs in vocal learning process. The present paper analyzed the early vocalizations in human infants and Bengalese finches, one of songbird species, to address this question. We focused on the developmental changes in 3 temporal parameters in sequential vocalizations: Note Duration (ND), Inter-Onset-Interval (IOI), and 501

Development of vocal temporal parameters in distantly related vocal learners, birds and humans