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In language evolution, formation of conceptual categories preceded formation of linguistic semantic categories (Hurford, 2007). This mapping from concepts to semantics is non-isomorphic, as particular languages categorize conceptual space in divergent ways (e.g. English put in is acceptable for both tight-fit and loose-fit relations, while Korean kkita encodes tight-fit relationships only; Choi & Bowerman, 1991). Despite this variation, are there crosslinguistic patterns in how words lexicalize conceptual space? We address this question analyzing how child homesigners from four different cultures describe instrumental events (e.g. cutting bread with a knife). Homesigners are congenitally deaf individuals who have not been taught a signed language. Despite growing up without structured linguistic input, these individuals use a gestural system ("homesign") to communicate (Goldin-Meadow, 2003). We find that homesign descriptions of instrumental events reflect categories present in adult English, Spanish and Mandarin, suggesting biases for how verbs encode the conceptual space of events, biases which may have been present over the course of language evolution. English verbs such as slice and write encode the presence of an instrument, but eat and open do not (Koenig et al., 2003; Rissman et al., 2015; we label these strong and weak instrumental verbs, respectively). Rissman (2013) found that Spanish and Mandarin verbs fall into similar strong and weak instrumental categories as in English, suggesting that instruments are conceptually more salient in some events (e.g. slicing bread with a knife) than in others (e.g. eating pasta with a fork). We tested this explanation by analyzing instrumental gestures in homesign. Nine homesigners from four cultures described cartoon pictures of instrumental events (1 from the United States: 3;5-4;10, 1 from Taiwan: 4;3-5;3, 1 from Nicaragua: 7;0-8;3, 6 from Guatemala: 8;6-11;4, 6;8, 10;10, 11;0-12;0, 6;11, 9;1405

Conceptual categories scaffold verbal semantic structure: A cross-cultural study of child homesign