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Cognitive biases, amplified over repeated cultural transmission, leave their mark on the structure of behaviour including language (Kirby et al., 2007). A key learning bias is the preference for simplicity – specifically, compressible representations (Kirby et al. 2015; Regier et al., 2015). The emergence of simplicity over cultural transmission has been experimentally attested: on one hand, individual items such as drawings become less complex graphically and increasingly recognizeable under the effects of schemas, or attractors (Bartlett, 1932; Sperber, 1996; Tamariz & Kirby, 2015). On the other hand, sets of items become compressible when initially independent, idiosyncratic elements develop system-level properties such as compositionality in miniature artificial languages (Kirby et al., 2015) or systematicity across sets of melodies (Verhoef 2012), colour strings (Cornish et al. 2014), rhythmical structures (Ravignani et al. 2016), or visual patterns on a grid (Claidiere et al. 2014; Kempe et al. 2015). This study systematically explores the simultaneous emergence of simplicity on multiple levels through cultural transmission in the graphical modality. Given the above results, we hypothesize, for repeatedly transmitted sets of drawings: H1. The emergence of system-level properties leading to between-chain divergence and within-chain convergence of the drawings over generations. We expect chain-specific system-level properties such as a recogniseable chain-specific style, which contribute to set-wise simplicity, to emerge. H2. The emergence of item-level properties. Compressibility will additionally be achieved at the item level through (a) progressive simplification of the 370

Simplicity biases operate at item and system level. An iterated learning study