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In humans, turn-taking is a common feature during speech. Recent studies have revealed that nonhuman primates (Takahashi et al. 2013) and songbirds (Benichov et al. 2016) avoid overlap in vocal exchange and adjust response latency depending on the call of a partner. These studies also suggest the existence of a dynamic temporal adjustment in vocal exchange among nonhuman animals. Such vocal exchange occurs frequently among individuals with a strong social bond (Snowdon & Cleaveland 1984). Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) are known to reply to distance calls (coo calls) of group members after a certain period of latency (Sugiura 2007). Japanese macaques also use short-distance calls, such as grunts, girneys, and short low coos, in affiliative context. These calls are often emitted in a sequence, and are exchanged with a recipient (Katsu et al. 2017). Therefore, investigating vocal exchanges of these short-distance calls used during face-to-face interactions would help to understand social aspects of evolution of human conversation system. In the present study, we examined temporal adjustment in turn-taking of short-distance calls in Japanese macaques.

Temporal adjustment of short calls during vocal exchange in Japanese macaques