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The central idea of current comparative research on the evolution of language and music is that they consist of multiple components with different evolutionary origins (Fitch, 2006). From a comparative language-music perspective, some components might be shared and based on the same evolutionary genesis, while others might be different and emerged independently in the course of evolution. From a comparative between-species perspective, some might be shared with other animals, while others might be unique to humans. However, this shareddistinct dichotomy dominating the recent comparative approach usually depends on tailor-made categories fitting to just one domain or species and thus limits the range of investigation by its all-or-nothing contrastive view (De Waal & Ferrari, 2010; Theofanopoulou & Boeckx, 2015). To go beyond such a shared/distinct dichotomy, the current paper puts a domain-relevant approach forward. Its main idea is that through neural competition, brain networks become relatively domain-specific overtime (Karmiloff-Smith, 2013). Thus, specialization of function can be regarded as fine tuning of coarsely coded systems with domain-relevant biases. In evolutionary research, those domain-relevant systems should be the target of comparative endeavor investigating the evolution of language and music. Based on evidence from cognitive and evolutionary neuroscience (Kotz et al., 2009; Lieberman, 2016; Merchant et al., 2015; Ullman, 2006) as well as modeling studies (e.g., Dominey et al., 2009), I suggest that the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical (CBGT) circuits form a promising candidate for such systems. The CBGT circuits are involved in and are necessary for performing a procedure, i.e. organizing sequences of actions towards a goal. For example, syntactic sequence processing in language and beat-based rhythmic sequence 12

Towards a domain-relevant approach to the evolution of language and music