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In the 19th century, the evolution of white, yellow and other pigments was forced by numerous chemical discoveries. Dates of their inventions and patents, despite being well established in the literature, are not consistent with time of their implementation by painters. The survey of more than 300 hundred Polish artists’ paintings from the period 1838 – 1938 confirmed this observation. The reported research allowed building chronological database of the first use, periods of intensive exploitation and of the decline of use or absence of specific pigments in the Polish artists’ studio practice. Portable XRF examination, Raman spectroscopy and SEM-EDX analysis enabled establishing dates of first applications of zinc white, chrome yellow, cadmium yellow, strontium yellow, zinc yellow, emerald green and viridian on paintings. Moreover, the research showed modifications of Naples yellow by zincor tin-based admixtures in the second half of the 19th century as well as evolution of additives to basic lead white such as earth pigments, chalk, barites, zinc white or lithopone. The accuracy of dating and authentication of the artworks analysed was strengthened by examination of composition of their grounds. In some cases individual habits of artists of using special kinds of primings or characteristic pigments were revealed giving a support for authentication studies. The data gathered in this research proved to be a reliable basis for attribution and dating of paintings of uncertain origin.

White, yellow and green pigments on Polish artists’ palettes in the period 1838–1938