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"Even though prostatitis remains a complex , often puzzling disease, studies during the last dec ade have clarified many of its features". "Urologists have made great strides in the diagnosis and treat ment of prostatitis in the past two decades". These are quotations from Meares1 in 1980 and Drach2 in 1986, respectively. These writers thought there had been remarkable progress in the 1) etiology, 2) methods of diagnosis, 3) pathophysiology and 4) therapy of prostatitis over the past 10 to 20 years at that time. However, I, as well as many urologists, think there has been no progress at all which is beneficial to patients over the past 3 decades. My reasons are as follows: 1) The etiology of nonbacterial prostatitis (NBP) and prostatodynia, which constitute most cases of prostatitis, is still undetermined ; 2) Meares and Stamey3 reported a method of diagnosis in bacterial prostatitis and other lower urinary tract infections in 1968. In this method, diagnosis of prostatitis can be made if a larger number of bacteria is found in expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) or voided bladder 3 (VB 3), which is urine obtained after prostatic massage, than in voided bladder 1 (VB 1), which is the first portion of urine upon urination, or voided bladder 2 (VB 2) which is the middle portion of urine upon urination (Fig. 1). However, this was not an original method at all. Bacterial cultures of VB 2 and EPS had already been reported by Ghormley4 in 1954 and Stahler5 had already reported that EPS can be replaced by VB 3 in 1955. Guze6 reported low numbers of bacteria' such as 100/ml, can be a cause of urinary tract infection (UTI) when they used urine obtained by suprapubic puncture in 1958, that is 10 years prior to the presentation of Meares and Stamey3, who mentioned the importance of small numbers of bacteria ; 3) In 1968, Stamey et al.7 reported the antibacterial nature of prostatic fluid in journal of the "Nature", suggesting some special

Prostatitis: Especially concerning studies of leukocytosis in prostatic fluid and bacterial culture, and daily practice.