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The optimum concentrations of clove oil as an anesthetic for olive flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus ) and the stress response of the fish to clove oil anesthesia were determined over a range of water temperatures, and investigated in a simulated transport experiment using analysis of various water and physiological parameters. While the time for induction of anesthesia decreased significantly as both the concentration of clove oil and water temperature increased, the recovery time increased significantly ( P &lt;0.05). The plasma cortisol concentration in fish at each temperature increased significantly up to 12 h following exposure ( P &lt;0.05), then decreased to 48 h ( P &lt;0.05). The DO dissolved oxygen concentrations, pH values, and the fish respiratory frequencies decreased over 6 h following exposure to clove oil in all experimental groups ( P &lt;0.05), whereas the NH 4  + and CO 2 concentrations in all experimental groups increased up to 6 h ( P &lt;0.05). The pH values and DO concentrations increased with increasing clove oil concentration ( P &lt;0.05) in the 6 h following exposure, and the CO 2 and NH 4  + concentrations and the respiratory frequencies decreased with increasing clove oil concentration ( P &lt;0.05). The results of this experiment suggest that clove oil reduced the metabolic activity of olive flounder, thus reducing NH 4  + excretion and O 2 consumption. In conclusion, clove oil appears to be a cost-effective and efficient anesthetic that is safe for use and non-toxic to the fish and users. Its use provides the potential for improved transportation of olive flounder.

Anesthetic Effect and Physiological Response in Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) to Clove Oil in a Simulated Transport Experiment