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Potato Y potyvirus is globally one of the most important viral pathogens of the cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and can cause yield loss of up to 80 % (Hooker 1981). Incorporation of resistance genes into potato cultivars from disease-resistant varieties is the most efficient way of controlling this virus (Gebhardt and Valkonen 2001, Ross 1986, Watanabe et al. 1995). Two types of monogenically inherited resistance genes have been found in cultivated and wild potato species (Solanum spp.) (Ross 1986, Valkonen 1994). Ny genes are PVY strain-specific and express hypersensitive resistance (H) in infected plants, which produce necrotic lesions or systemic necrosis where infected. The other is Ry genes conferring extreme resistance (E) to all strains of PVY. In inoculated plants expressing Ry, no symptom develops except for limited systemic necrosis occurring after graft-inoculation in some genotypes, and appearance of an ELISA-detectable PVY titer (Ross 1986, Valkonen et al. 1996). Two Ry genes had been utilized in potato PVY resistance breeding programs, i.e., Rysto from Solanum stoloniferum Schlechtd. et Bché (Ross 1986) and Ryadg from Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena Hawkes (Kasai et al. 2000, Muñoz et al. 1975, Watanabe et al. 1996a, 1996b). Disease resistance is a defense response of the plant to its pathogens controlled by resistance (R) genes (Bergelson et al. 2001, Dangl and Jones 2001). The structure similarity and motif conserved observed among various plant R genes provide attractive targets for PCR-amplification and isolation of similar sequences in other plant species. Some resistance gene-like fragments (RGL) have been isolated and characterized by this method (Aarts et al. 1998, Kanazin et al. 1996, Leister et al. 1996, Meyers et al. 1999, Shen et al. 1998, Speulman et al. 1998, Yu et al. 1996). A 355 bp RGL fragment (ADG2) was amplified from potato with primers having sequence conservation between gene N from Nicotiana glutinosa (Whitham et al. 1994) and gene RPS2 from Arabidopsis thaliana (Bent et al. 1994, Mindrinos et al. 1994) in a domain spanning the predicated kinase-2 and kinase-3a motifs downstream of the P-loop. It was mapped on chromosome XI and was found to be co-segregated with Ryadg in a F1 population with 77 individuals (Hämäläinen et al. 1998). Sequence comparison revealed a 12 nucleotidedifference between the ADG2 fragments derived from a PVY resistant line 2x(v-2)7 (Ryadg carrying) and a susceptible line 84.194.30. One of the differences located within the kinase3a motif has been developed as the CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences) marker which could distinguish the potato lines carrying Ryadg from those lacking this gene (Sorri et al. 1999). Because ADG2 was originally amplified from mRNA pools and showed 77 % homology with the corresponding region of the gene N from Nicotiana glutinous (Whither et al. 1994) and 53 % homology with gene RPP5 from Arabidopsis thaliana, both are transcriptional R genes (Leister et al. 1996), Sorri et al. (1999) argued that ADG2 was probably part of the Ryadg conferring extreme resistance to PVY. Further sequence analyses of ADG2 fragments amplified from diverse potato lines may be of value in understanding the molecular basis of Ryadg function, developing new markers such as SCAR (sequence characterized amplified region) (Kasai et al. 2000) or providing pedigree information for parental line selection in breeding programs. Here we report the sequences of ADG2 fragments from 24 potato lines.

breeding science

Conservation of a Resistance Gene-like Fragment ADG2 Related to Patato Y Potyvirus Resistance Gene Ryadg in Diploid and Tetrasomic Tetraploid Potato Lines