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Ibsen was introduced to China about one hundred years ago, first as a champion of individualism, when the Chinese were in need of a new identity after the collapse of Confucianism. Ibsen’s individualism gave the Chinese a source for a new identity, in which a person could define him/herself as an individual, free to choose and have the right to defy social impositions. Against such a background, Ibsen’s plays such as An Enemy of the People, A Doll’s House and Ghosts became popular in China in the early twentieth century because of their radical social messages for the Chinese revolution that changed China from dynastic rule to modern democracy. For such a change, drastic reformation had to occur in politics as well as in culture, especially in people’s concept of the self and nation. In the early years of reception in the 1910s-1940s, Peer Gynt was not considered representative of Ibsen’s social ideas and hence did not attract the attention of the Chinese in days of cultural turmoil. Later in the early years of socialist China, Peer Gynt was condemned for promoting the idea of “thyselfishness,” which only trolls, not human beings, would adopt as a philosophy of life (Xiao 1949: 5, Tam 1986: 210–211, Tam 2001: 129). As Peer says,

Chineseness in Recreating Ibsen: Peer Gynt in China and Its Adaptations