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According to the latest census (2009), sixteen million people live in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Forty percent of the population is non-Kazakh, including representatives of almost 130 nationalities and ethnic groups. The formation of the multinational population of Kazakhstan has a complex two-century history. Up to the eighteenth century, Kazakhs constituted most of the inhabitants of the Kazakh Khanate. With the incorporation of Kazakhstan into the Russian Empire, the resettlement of Slavic peoples into the steppe regions began, the influx consisting of mostly peasants and Cossacks. From the first half of the eighteenth century, fortifications and lines of defence were built and settled by serfs. The tsarist state also used Kazakhstan as a place of political exile. The main influx of migration was related to the resettlement policy of the Russian Prime Minister P. Stolypin in the early twentieth century, which was supposed to solve the economic, social and demographic problems of the Russian Empire through the development of new lands. According to some estimates, over one million people from the European regions of the empire immigrated to Kazakhstan in the pre-revolutionary period.2 The Soviet government also contributed to the multinational character of the population of Kazakhstan through massive forced migrations. Shortly after the October Revolution, intellectuals, clergy and aristocrats

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