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Background:  Laughingthrushes (family: Leiothrichidae) consists of diverse and widespread species found in the Indian subcontinent but there is a lack of information on their avian haemosporidians.     Methods : We sampled 231 laughingthrushes of 8 species in the western and eastern Himalaya in India. Using parasite morphology and cytochrome  b  sequences we describe 2 new  Haemoproteus  species harbored in 3 species of laughingthrushes and report a case of cryptic speciation.    Results : First  Haemoproteus  lineage TROERY01 (GenBank: KY623720) found in  Trochalopteron erythrocephalum  (27.47%) and  Trochalopteron variegatum  (2.9%) in mid to high altitude tropical forests in the western and eastern Himalaya, was described as  Haemoproteus (Parahaemoproteus) leiothrichus  n. sp. (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae). Second  Haemoproteus  lineage TROERY02 (GenBank: KY623721) described as  Haemoproteus (Parahaemoproteus) homoleiothrichus  n. sp. (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae) was found in  T. erythrocephalum  (2.19%) and  Trochalopteron lineatum  (3.84%), albeit in low intensity, only in the western Himalaya. Both  H. homoleiothrichus  n. sp. and  H. leiothrichus  n. sp. showed no significant difference in morphological features in blood stages. A genetic divergence of 4.4% along with distinct phylogenetic position indicates that these 2 lineages represent cryptic species. Previously,  T. erythrocephalum  has been described as an additional host for a morphologically described  Haemoproteus timalus  in the oriental region. Our described species have several morphological features that are absent in  H. timalus.  These are, the presence of dumbbell-like shaped mature gametocytes, ‘arm’ like extensions of gametocytes and lateral displacement of nuclei of infected erythrocytes. Illustrations of blood stages of the new species are given, and phylogenetic analysis with morphologically described  Haemoproteus  species identifies parasites closely related to the 2 described parasites.    Conclusions : The lineages described here have been recorded only in the laughingthrushes so far. These are the first parasites to be described with  T. erythrocephalum  as a type host from the western and eastern Himalaya in India.

wellcome open research

Molecular characterization and morphological description of cryptic haemoproteids in the laughingthrushes (Leiothrichidae) in the western and eastern Himalaya, India