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Background:  The  w Mel strain of  Wolbachia  has been successfully introduced into  Aedes aegypti  mosquitoes and subsequently shown to reduce transmission of dengue and other pathogens, under both laboratory and field conditions. Here we describe the entomological outcomes of  w Mel  Wolbachia  mosquito releases in two small communities in Nha Trang City in central Vietnam.    Methods:  The  w Mel strain of  Wolbachia  was backcrossed into local  Aedes aegypti  genotype and mosquito releases were undertaken by community members or by staff. Field monitoring was undertaken to track  Wolbachia  establishment in local  Ae. aegypti  mosquito populations. Ecological studies were undertaken to assess relationships between environmental factors and the spatial and temporal variability in  Wolbachia  infection prevalence in mosquitoes.    Results:  Releases of  w Mel  Wolbachia Ae. aegypti  mosquitoes in two small communities in Nha Trang City resulted in the initial establishment of  Wolbachia  in the local  Ae. aegypti  mosquito populations, followed by seasonal fluctuations in  Wolbachia  prevalence. There was significant small-scale spatial heterogeneity in  Wolbachia  infection prevalence in the Tri Nguyen Village site, resulting in the loss of  w Mel  Wolbachia  infection in mosquitoes in north and center areas, despite  Wolbachia  prevalence remaining high in mosquitoes in the south area. In the second site, Vinh Luong Ward,  Wolbachia  has persisted at a high level in mosquitoes throughout this site despite similar seasonal fluctuations in  w Mel  Wolbachia  prevalence.    Conclusion:  Seasonal variation in  Wolbachia  infection prevalence in mosquitoes was associated with elevated temperature conditions, and was possibly due to imperfect maternal transmission of  Wolbachia . Heterogeneity in  Wolbachia  infection prevalence was found throughout one site, and indicates additional factors may influence  Wolbachia  establishment.

Environmental factors influence the local establishment of Wolbachia in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in two small communities in central Vietnam