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The two primary causal dimensions of age-related disease are rate andfunction. Change in rate of disease development shifts the age of onset. Changein physiological function provides necessary steps in disease progression. Acausal factor may alter the rate of physiological change, but that causalfactor itself may have no direct physiological role. Alternatively, a causalfactor may provide a necessary physiological function, but that causal factoritself may not alter the rate of disease onset. The rate-function dualityprovides the basis for solving puzzles of age-related disease. Causal factorsof cancer illustrate the duality between rate processes of discovery, such assomatic mutation, and necessary physiological functions, such as invasivepenetration across tissue barriers. Examples from cancer suggest generalprinciples of age-related disease.

Puzzles in modern biology. III. Two kinds of causality in age-related disease