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Shiga toxin (Stx) is considered the main virulence factor in Shiga toxin-producing  Escherichia coli  (STEC) infections. Previously we reported the expression of biologically active Stx by eukaryotic cells  in vitro  and  in vivo  following transfection with plasmids encoding Stx under control of the native bacterial promoter  1,2 . Since  stx  genes are present in the genome of lysogenic bacteriophages, here we evaluated the relevance of bacteriophages during STEC infection. We used the non-pathogenic  E. coli  C600 strain carrying a lysogenic 933W mutant bacteriophage in which the  stx  operon was replaced by a gene encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Tracking GFP expression using an  In Vivo  Imaging System (IVIS), we detected fluorescence in liver, kidney, and intestine of mice infected with the recombinant  E. coli  strain after treatment with ciprofloxacin, which induces the lytic replication and release of bacteriophages. In addition, we showed that chitosan, a linear polysaccharide composed of d-glucosamine residues and with a number of commercial and biomedical uses, had strong anti-bacteriophage effects, as demonstrated at  in vitro  and  in vivo  conditions. These findings bring promising perspectives for the prevention and treatment of haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) cases.

Role of bacteriophages in STEC infections: new implications for the design of prophylactic and treatment approaches