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Background:  The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of thermophilic  Campylobacter  spp. in asymptomatic school-going children and establish the antibiotic resistance patterns of the isolates towards the drugs used to treat campylobacteriosis, including macrolides, quinolones and tetracycline.  Campylobacter  spp. are a leading cause of enteric illness and have only recently shown resistance to antibiotics.    Methods:  This study isolated  Campylobacter  spp., including  Campylobacter coli ,  Campylobacter jejuni  and  Campylobacter lari , in stool samples from asymptomatic school-going children in one of the biggest urban slums in Kenya. The disc diffusion method using EUCAST breakpoints was used to identify antibiotic-resistant isolates, which were further tested for genes encoding for tetracycline resistance using primer-specific polymerase chain reaction.    Results:  In total, 580 stool samples were collected from 11 primary schools considering both gender and age. Subjecting 294 biochemically characterized  Campylobacter  spp. isolates to genus-specific PCR, 106 (18.27% of stool samples) isolates were confirmed  Campylobacter  spp. Out of the 106 isolates, 28 (4.83%) were  Campylobacter   coli , 44 (7.58%) were  Campylobacter jejuni  while 11 (1.89%) were  Campylobacter   lari .  Campylobacter jejuni  had the highest number of isolates that were multi-drug resistant, with 26 out of the 28 tested isolates being resistant to ciprofloxacin (5 mg), nalidixic acid (30 mg), tetracycline (30 mg) and erythromycin (15 mg).    Conclusions:  In conclusion, asymptomatic school going children in the study area were found to be carriers of multidrug resistant  Campylobacter coli ,  Campylobacter jejuni  and  Campylobacter lari  at 84%. A one-health approach, which considers overlaps in environment, animals and human ecosystems, is recommended in addressing multidrug resistane in Campylobacter, since animals are the main reservoirs and environmental contamination is evident.

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Multidrug-resistant Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter lari isolated from asymptomatic school-going children in Kibera slum, Kenya