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BACKGROUND Shixiang plaster is a traditional Chinese medicine has been used to treat chronic ulcers, including diabetic ulcers. Aminoguanidine is a hydrazine derivative that inhibits the formation of advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs). This study aimed to investigate the effects of shixiang plaster and aminoguanidine on wound healing in the streptozotocin-induced rat model of diabetes and the molecular mechanisms involved. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats treated with intraperitoneal streptozotocin and given surgical wounds were divided into the untreated chronic ulcer group (n=10), the aminoguanidine group (n=10), the shixiang plaster group (n=10), and the control group with sham surgery (n=10). Granulation tissue samples underwent light microscopy to evaluate angiogenesis and immunohistochemistry to identify AGE, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and CD34 expression. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot measured mRNA and protein expression of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). RESULTS The shixiang plaster group showed a significant increase in angiogenesis in ulcer granulation tissue, significantly reduced expression of AGEs and increased expression of VEGF and CD34 expression in granulation tissue compared with the untreated chronic ulcer group (p&lt;0.05). The shixiang plaster group showed significantly down-regulated expression of RAGE and VCAM-1 compared with the untreated chronic ulcer group (p&lt;0.05). Shixiang plaster promoted angiogenesis by activating the NF-kappaB p65 associated pathway and eNOS activation. CONCLUSIONS Shixiang plaster promoted healing in a rat model of diabetic ulcer through the RAGE/NF-kappaB and VEGF/VCAM-1/eNOS signaling pathways.

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Shixiang Plaster, a Traditional Chinese Medicine, Promotes Healing in a Rat Model of Diabetic Ulcer Through the receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE)/Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)/Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1)/Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) Signaling Pathways