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Naturally occurring inorganic arsenic is known to increase the risk of cancers of the skin and several other organs, including the urinary bladder, lung, and liver. Epidemiological studies have also indicated that gestational arsenic exposure is associated with increased incidences of cancers in several organs, including the bladder and liver, in adulthood. Previous studies have shown that epigenetic changes are involved in arsenic-induced carcinogenesis. Among epigenetic changes, DNA methylation changes that are specific to arsenic-induced tumors would be useful for distinguishing such tumors from tumors induced by other factors and for clarifying arsenic carcinogenesis. It has been reported that gestational arsenic exposure of C3H mice, whose males tend to spontaneously develop liver tumors, increases the incidence of tumors in the male offspring. Using the same experimental protocol, we found a number of regions where the DNA methylation status was altered in the liver tumors compared with the normal liver tissues by the methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP)-CpG island microarray method. Among such regions, we demonstrated using real-time methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing that a gene body region of the oncogene Fosb underwent alteration in DNA methylation following gestational arsenic exposure. We also showed that the Fosb expression level significantly increased following gestational arsenic exposure. These findings suggest that the DNA methylation status of the Fosb region is implicated in tumor augmentation and can also be utilized for characterizing tumors induced by gestational arsenic exposure.

Exploration of Epigenetic Changes and DNA Methylation Markers Associated with Liver Tumors Induced by Inorganic Arsenite Exposure in Mice