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Biofilm carriers have been used to remove ammonia in several wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Japan. However, the abundance and species of ammonia oxidizers in the biofilms formed on the surface of carriers in full-scale operational WWTP tanks remain unclear. In the present study, we conducted quantitative PCR and PCR cloning of the  amoA  genes of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea (AOB and AOA) and a complete ammonia oxidizer (comammox) in the biofilm formed on the carriers in a full-scale WWTP. The quantification of  amoA  genes showed that the abundance of AOB and comammox was markedly greater in the biofilm than in the activated sludge suspended in a tank solution of the WWTP, while AOA was not detected in the biofilm or the activated sludge. A phylogenetic analysis of  amoA  genes revealed that as-yet-uncultivated comammox  Nitrospira  and uncultured AOB  Nitrosomonas  were predominant in the biofilm. The present results suggest that the biofilm formed on the surface of carriers enable comammox  Nitrospira  and AOB  Nitrosomonas  to co-exist and remain in the full-scale WWTP tank surveyed in this study.

Quantification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Ammonia Oxidizers on Biofilm Carriers in a Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plant