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The microbial communities of the rhizoplane, the surface part of roots, in aquatic plants are not understood at all. In this study, we analyzed microbial communities in the rhizoplane of a floating aquatic plant, giant duckweed (Spirodela polyrrhiza), based on cultivation-dependent and independent analyses. The cultivation-based analysis using agar and gellan gum plates revealed that the rhizoplane isolates were affiliated with four bacterial lineages; the Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia. Interestingly, microbes belonging to the phylum Verrucomicrobia accounted for 24% of all the isolates, suggesting that the rhizoplane of S. polyrrhiza forms a specific habitat for the organisms within this phylum. Culture-independent 16S rRNA gene cloning showed that the clonal sequences were affiliated with eight bacterial classes and phyla: the classes Alphaproteobacteria (14% total clones), Betaproteobacteria (45%), Gammaproteobacteria (2%) and Deltaproteobacteria (2%), and the phyla Bacteroidetes (11%), Verrucomicrobia (2%), Planctomycetes (2%) and Cyanobacteria (22%). Comparative analysis of the microbial communities in the rhizoplane between culture-dependent and independent methods revealed that 33% of the taxonomic groups of bacterial species detected in the molecular analysis were cultivable. Our findings suggest that the microbes in the rhizoplane of giant duckweed are comprised of a diverse array of readily cultured organisms including a variety of strains within the Verrucomicrobia, a well-known phylum that contains a number of yet-to-be cultivated organisms.

microbes and environments

Culture-Dependent and Independent Analyses of the Microbial Communities Inhabiting the Giant Duckweed (Spirodela polyrrhiza) Rhizoplane and Isolation of a Variety of Rarely Cultivated Organisms within the Phylum Verrucomicrobia