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A combined treatment with progesterone and pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) is a conventional and effective method for induction of out-of-seasonal breeding of sheep (Roberts, 1966; Betts et al., 1969; Gordon, 1971; Fukui et al., 1985, 1986, 1987). On the other hand, an alternative method of considerable value in achieving practical estrous synchronization during the late anestrous season is an introduction of rams to the ewe flock shortly before the ewes are expected to commence their breeding season. This physiological phenomenon is called 'ram effect' (Underwood et al., 1944; Schinckel, 1954). The 'ram effect' was shown to induce preovulatory surge release of luteinizing hormone (LH) in anestrous ewes usually within 48 h (Oldham et al., 1978; Poindron et al., 1980) of ram introduction. Following ovulation takes place 2-6 days after ram introduction, but usually estrus is not accompanied (Schinckel, 1954; Edgar and Bilkey, 1963; Oldham et al., 1978) and corpora lutea (CL) produced by the stimulation of ram introduction is usually of a short life-span, 5-7 days (Oldham and Martin, 1978; Pearce and Oldham, 1984). A fertile estrus accompanied by ovulation occurs 15-22 days after ram introduction (Edgar and Bilkey, 1963; Lindsay et al., 1982; Martin and Scaramuzzi, 1983; Pearce and Oldham, 1984). To

Effect of progesterone pre-treatment methods associated with "ram effect" on estrus induction and lambing rate in seasonally anestrous ewes.