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Ultrasonography (US) has been applied to the ovary and the uterus of domestic animals from the late 1980s, and established in 1990s as a practical tool for animal production. US made it possible to detect pregnancy at a very early stage and, most importantly, to observe the real-time dynamics of follicular development and hence the discovery of follicular waves. This has greatly contributed to our understanding of ovarian physiology and helped us to develop several "pin-point" protocols for hormonal treatment. While US may not seem to fit preconceived ideas of a "green" technology, it does not contravene environmental priorities, and it is non-invasive ("ethical") and non-hormonal ("clean"). Using the US technology that is now commercially available at a reasonable price, we are able to estimate the best timing for AI and this allows us to plan either the use of precisely-timed nutritional supplements for fetal development or an immediate 2nd AI service to achieve a better economic efficiency. During the last few years, we have also begun to be able to observe in detail the local blood flow in individual ovarian follicles and CL using color Doppler ultrasonography in the cow. From the series of observations, we have found that: 1) the change of blood supply to an individual follicle closely relates to the dynamics of follicular growth and atresia; 2) the local blood flow detected in the theca externa of mature follicles rapidly increases around the onset of LH surge and is most active before ovulation; 3) the blood supply to the developing CL increases in parallel with CL volume and plasma progesterone concentrations; and 4) the local blood flow surrounding the mature CL acutely increases prior to the onset of luteolysis in response to uterine as well as exogenous PGF(2alpha). It is now clear that color Doppler ultrasound is very useful for observing echogenicity with local blood flow thereby providing an easily obtained estimation of the physiological status of follicles, CLs and early conceptus. Widespread commercial application of color US will depend on further technological developments that reduce the cost and improve performance and ease-of-use. Overall, US is now a most effective non-invasive tool for managing reproduction, at the level of both the individual animal and the herd system. In particular, US can help us to clarify potential problems in high-producing dairy cattle during the postpartum period.

journal of reproduction and development

A Potential Use of Color Ultrasound as a Tool for Reproductive Management: New Observations Using Color Ultrasound Scanning that were not Possible with Imaging Only in Black and White