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Acetogens synthesize acetyl-CoA via CO 2  or CO fixation, producing organic compounds. Despite their ecological and industrial importance, their transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation has not been systematically studied. With completion of the genome sequence of  Acetobacterium bakii  (4.28-Mb), we measured changes in the transcriptome of this psychrotolerant acetogen in response to temperature variations under autotrophic and heterotrophic growth conditions. Unexpectedly, acetogenesis genes were highly up-regulated at low temperatures under heterotrophic, as well as autotrophic, growth conditions. To mechanistically understand the transcriptional regulation of acetogenesis genes via changes in RNA secondary structures of 5′-untranslated regions (5′-UTR), the primary transcriptome was experimentally determined, and 1379 transcription start sites (TSS) and 1100 5′-UTR were found. Interestingly, acetogenesis genes contained longer 5′-UTR with lower RNA-folding free energy than other genes, revealing that the 5′-UTRs control the RNA abundance of the acetogenesis genes under low temperature conditions. Our findings suggest that post-transcriptional regulation via RNA conformational changes of 5′-UTRs is necessary for cold-adaptive acetogenesis.

Genome-scale analysis ofAcetobacterium bakiireveals the cold adaptation of psychrotolerant acetogens by post-transcriptional regulation