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Candida albicans  is a major fungal pathogen that responds to various environmental cues as part of its infection mechanism. We show here that the expression of  C. albicans GCN4 , which encodes a transcription factor that regulates morphogenetic and metabolic responses, is translationally regulated in response to amino acid starvation induced by exposure to the histidine analog 3-aminotriazole (3AT). However, in contrast to the well-known translational control mechanisms that regulate yeast  GCN4  and mammalian  ATF4  expression via multiple upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in their 5′-leader sequences, a single inhibitory uORF is necessary and sufficient for  C. albicans GCN4  translational control. The 5′-leader sequence of  GCN4  contains three uORFs, but uORF3 alone is sufficient for translational regulation. Under nonstress conditions, uORF3 inhibits  GCN4  translation. Amino acid starvation conditions promote Gcn2-mediated phosphorylation of eIF2α and leaky ribosomal scanning to bypass uORF3, inducing  GCN4  translation.  GCN4  expression is also transcriptionally regulated, although maximal induction is observed at higher concentrations of 3AT compared with translational regulation.  C. albicans GCN4  expression is therefore highly regulated by both transcriptional and translational control mechanisms. We suggest that it is particularly important that Gcn4 levels are tightly controlled since Gcn4 regulates morphogenetic changes during amino acid starvation conditions, which are important determinants of virulence in this fungus.

A single inhibitory upstream open reading frame (uORF) is sufficient to regulate <i>Candida albicans GCN4</i> translation in response to amino acid starvation conditions

A single inhibitory upstream open reading frame (uORF) is sufficient to regulate Candida albicans GCN4 translation in response to amino acid starvation conditions