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Accumulation of foam cells in the neointima represents an early stage of atherosclerosis. 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidine-4-yl) urea (TPPU), a novel soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor (sEHi), effectively elevates epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) levels. The effects of EETs on macrophages foam cells formation are poorly understood.Methods and Results:Incubation of foam cells with TPPU markedly ameliorate cholesterol deposition in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-loaded macrophages by increasing the levels of EETs. Notably, TPPU treatment significantly inhibits oxLDL internalization and promotes cholesterol efflux. The elevation of EETs results in a decrease of class A scavenger receptor (SR-A) expression via downregulation of activator protein 1 (AP-1) expression. Additionally, TPPU selectively increases protein but not the mRNA level of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) through the reduction of calpain activity that stabilizes the protein. Moreover, TPPU treatment reduces the cholesterol content of macrophages and inhibits atherosclerotic plaque formation in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. These changes induced by TPPU are dependent on heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) activation.

Inhibition of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase in Macrophages Ameliorates the Formation of Foam Cells ― Role of Heme Oxygenase-1 ―