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on the evaluation of CKD prognosis, prognostic markers for chronic hemodialysis (HD) have rarely been investigated. The number of patients who require chronic HD remains high in Japan, and advances in management modalities are required for improving the prognosis and quality of life of these patients. The major cause of death in patients undergoing chronic HD is cardiovascular disease, with HF and arrhythmia being the most common conditions.1 Therefore, factors related to heart disease are important in the search for reliable prognostic markers for patients undergoing chronic HD. One possible marker is the plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) level, because it indicates the degree of ventricular dysfunction. The increase in plasma BNP level is likely related to both the severity of HF and exacerbation of CKD. Furthermore, plasma BNP levels are likely to be increased in patients here are many useful markers/biomarkers for heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, care must be taken to choose markers according to their specific purpose. Some markers may indicate the degree of HF or the exacerbation of CKD, whereas others may indicate the prognosis of patients with HF or with CKD. Some other markers may indicate both the degree of HF and exacerbation of CKD, as well as the prognosis of patients with these conditions. However, although many studies of clinical markers have been conducted, continued research into markers with increased specificity is necessary.

Developing Improved Clinical Markers to Detect Heart Failure and Chronic Kidney Disease