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For years it was suggested that for weight loss, in addition to caloric restriction, fat intake should be reduced and carbohydrate intake increased. However, recent research has suggested macronutrient adjustments in diet may have substantial effects on weight loss and insulin sensitivity, particularly when a diet includes greater protein intake. Many health related benefits have been shown in the absence of weight loss. PURPOSE: To compare the effects of two different isocaloric diets, one higher in carbohydrate, the other higher in protein, on fasting insulin levels in previously sedentary obese women participating in a resistance training program. METHODS: 379 sedentary women (44.6±12.5 yrs; 90.1±16.0 kg; 31.2±2.0 % fat) served as controls (C, n=59), participated in an exercise program (E, n=18), or performed the exercise program while maintaining a higher carbohydrate (HC, n=136) or higher protein diet (HP, n=146). Diets consisted of 1,200 kcal/d for 1-wk and 1,600 kcal/d for 9 wks. Diets were 55% CHO, 15% P, and 30% F (HC) or 7-15% CHO, 55-63% P, and 30% F (HP). Exercise groups participated in a supervised fitness program (3-d/wk) that involved 30 min of circuit-style resistance training interspersed with callisthenic exercises. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and 10 wks to compare insulin levels in response to diets combined with exercise. Data were analyzed using MANOVA, univariate ANOVA, and one-way ANOVA. RESULTS: Subjects in the HP group experienced significantly greater changes over time in body weight (HP =-4.4 kg, HC=-2.6 kg, E=-1.1 kg and C=-2.2 kg, p=0.00), fat mass (HP=-3.4 kg, HC=-1.7 kg, E=-0.8 kg, C=-1.8 kg, p=0.00), and percent body fat (HP=-0.9, HC=-0.5, E=-0.3, C=-0.6, p=0.01). Lean tissue mass decreased slightly over time when calculated as a percent of total weight loss, with HP and HC groups having greater losses (HP=20.1 %, HC=22.3 %, E=17.3 % , C=17.9 %, p=0.01). There were no significant interactions seen between types of diet for insulin (p=0.69) or HOMA (p=0.54) levels. For insulin, there was no effect over time, however the HP group had lower levels than HC and C with mean differences of -4.0 mg/dL (p=0.00) and -9.1 mg/dL (p=0.00), respectively. A similar result was found for HOMA levels with the HP group having lower levels than HC and C with mean differences of -0.98 (p=0.01) and -2.48 (p=0.00), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A diet higher in protein promotes greater losses in body weight, fat mass, and body fat percentage. Additionally, a diet higher in protein maintained lower insulin and HOMA levels compared to other groups. However, lean tissue mass decreased to a greater degree as well. Supported by Curves International Inc., Waco, TX

Relationship between Fasting Serum Leptin Levels and Markers of Bone, Fat, and Health in Sedentary Women