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Mitochondrial permeability transition (PT) is the phenomenon in which the mitochondrial inner membrane becomes permeable to various solutes and ions. When PT is induced by Ca(2+), cytochrome c is released from mitochondria into the cytosol where it then triggers subsequent steps of programmed cell death, apoptosis. Thus, the proteins that regulate PT and cytochrome c release could become druggable targets for various diseases. However, the mechanisms of PT and the release of cytochrome c have not yet been revealed. We previously showed that valinomycin, a potassium selective ionophore, also caused release of cytochrome c from mitochondria without inducing PT. This result indicates that cytochrome c could be released from mitochondria with or without induction of PT. In this study, to understand the difference of effects of valinomycin and Ca(2+) on mitochondria, we examined what protein species are released from valinomycin- and Ca(2+)-treated mitochondria by LC-MS/MS. As a result, only the proteins located in the intermembrane space were found to be released from valinomycin-treated mitochondria, while those in both the intermembrane space and in the matrix were released from Ca(2+)-treated mitochondria. Furthermore, the protein releases by each reagent occurred not selectively but in a concentration-dependent manner. Based on these results, the permeabilization effects of Ca(2+) and valinomycin on the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes are discussed.

The Mechanisms of the Release of Cytochrome c from Mitochondria Revealed by Proteomics Analysis