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This review summarizes technical improvements in the forensic analysis for conjugate metabolites of metham- phetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and their designer drugs. The improvements include the establishments of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) in com- bination with the pretreatment methods. The direct determination techniques for the conjugates proved to be effec- tive in rapidly and accurately examining many biological specimens without annoying hydrolysis. The metabolism of MA and MDMA, with attention to the phase II metabolism o ft he major hydroxy metabolites, is also discussed based on concentration data in biological specimens obtained from drug abusers.

Direct Analysis of Conjugate Metabolites of Methamphetamine, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and Their Designer Drugs in Biological Fluids