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Remote loading of insulin and bovine serum albumin (BSA) into neutral or positively-charged liposomes by incubation under a transmembrane pH gradient or non-pH gradient was investigated. Trapping efficiencies in several incubation conditions were compared with those of the conventional reverse-phase evaporation vesicle method (c-REV method). For neutral liposomes, insulin could not be effectively loaded into the liposomes by incubation, regardless of the incubation conditions. The trapping efficiency of insulin into positively-charged liposomes was higher than that of neutral liposomes, especially by the pH-gradient method. Insulin could be loaded into positively-charged liposomes about twofold more efficiently than by the pH-gradient method, compared with the c-REV method. Insulin distributed more on the surface of liposomes by the pH-gradient method than by the c-REV method. BSA showed significantly higher affinity to positively-charged liposomes than to neutral ones by various methods. However, the transmembrane pH-gradient method did not increase BSA loading into liposomes, compared with the c-REV and the non-pH-gradient methods. Our results suggest that the pH-gradient method, combining electrostatic interactions, may be useful for preparation of liposomal insulin and that the high hydrophobicity of BSA may not increase the remote loading of BSA into liposomes by the pH-gradient method.

High Entrapment of Insulin and Bovine Serum Albumin into Neutral and Positively-Charged Liposomes by the Remote Loading Method.