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Bioequivalence has been assessed using in vitro dissolution testing, such as in vivo predictive dissolution methodology. However, the assessment of bioequivalence should be performed carefully, considering the effect of the in vivo environment and according to the properties of the drug. The gastric emptying process is a key factor for the assessment of biopharmaceutics classification system class II (BCS class IIa) drugs with acidic properties since they cannot dissolve in the acidic stomach, but do dissolve in the small intestine (SI). The disintegration of a tablet in the stomach affects the distribution/dissolution in the SI due to the difference in the gastric emptying step, which in turn is a result of the varying formulation of the drugs. In this study, we used the reported dynamic pH change method and a novel gastric process simulation (GPS) model, which can compare the gastric emptying of particular-sized drug particles. The in vitro results were compared to clinical data using bioequivalent and bioinequivalent products of candesartan cilexetil. It was revealed that the dynamic pH change method was inappropriate, whereas the amount of filtered drug in GPS studies with 20 and 50 µm pore size filters could reflect the clinical results of all products. The evaluation of the gastric emptying process of drug particles less than 50 µm enabled us to assess the bioequivalence because they probably caused the difference in the distribution in the SI. This study demonstrated the utility of the GPS model for the assessment of bioequivalence of BCS class IIa drugs.

biological and pharmaceutical bulletin

Development of a Novel Gastric Process Simulation Model: The Successful Assessment of Bioequivalence and Bioinequivalence of a Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class II Weak Acid Drug