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Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a common side effect of several medications and is considered a major factor responsible for the discontinuation of drugs during their development. Cholestasis is a DILI that results from impairment of bile acid transporters, such as the bile salt export pump (BSEP), leading to accumulation of bile acids. Both in vitro and in vivo studies are required to predict the risk of drug-induced cholestasis. In the present study, we used chimeric mice with humanized liver as a model to study drug-induced cholestasis. Administration of a single dose of ketoconazole or rifampicin, known to potentially cause cholestasis by inhibiting BSEP, did not result in elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which are known hepatic biomarkers. The concentration of taurodeoxycholic acid increased in the liver after ketoconazole administration, whereas rifampicin resulted in increased tauromuricholic acid and taurocholic acid (TCA) levels in the liver and plasma. Furthermore, rifampicin resulted in an increase in the uniform distribution of a compound with m/z 514.3, presumed as TCA through imaging mass spectrometry. The mRNA levels of bile acid-related genes were also altered after treatment with ketoconazole or rifampicin. We believe these observations to be a part of a feedback mechanism to decrease bile acid concentrations. The changes in bile acid concentrations results may reflect the initial responses of the human body to cholestasis. Furthermore, these findings may contribute to the screening of drug candidates, thereby avoiding drug-induced cholestasis during clinical trials and drug development.

Changes in Bile Acid Concentrations after Administration of Ketoconazole or Rifampicin to Chimeric Mice with Humanized Liver