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We used immunocytochemical methods and a specific antibody to identify proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in Drosophila embryos during the postblastoderm cell division cycles. The strong nuclear staining observed during interphase disappeared at prophase, staining remained nil throughout the remaining mitotic (M) phases and reappeared in nuclei at the next interphase. As the embryos with the homozygous string- mutation sustained the strong staining signal in nuclei throughout embryonic development, disappearance of the staining signal probably depends on string function and is coupled with the onset of mitosis. When cells in embryos were arrested at M phase following treatment with TN-16 or Vinblastine, the staining signal with the anti-PCNA antibody was lost. However, Western blots showed that the level of PCNA protein in M phase-arrested embryos did not decrease. Therefore, the disappearance of staining signals is apparently due to reorganization of PCNA protein in the multiprotein complex in nuclei, rendering it inaccessible to the antibody, rather than to the degradation of PCNA protein. In contrast to findings in developing embryos, cultured Drosophila Kc cells stained strongly with the anti-PCNA antibody, during both interphase and the M phase. In genetic crossing experiments of transgenic flies carrying the lacZ gene under the control of the PCNA gene regulatory region (-607 to +137 with respect to the transcription initiation site) with string- mutant files, the PCNA gene promoter seems to function in a manner independent of cell cycle progression or of functions of the string gene.

Distribution of PCNA during Postblastoderm Cell Division Cycles in the Drosophila melanogaster Embryo: Effect of a string- Mutation.