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Recent work has shown that the behaviour of marine organisms can be affected by elevated P  CO 2  , although little is known about the effect of multiple stressors. We therefore investigated the effect of elevated P  CO 2   and temperature on locomotion and behaviour during prey searching in the marine gastropod Concholepas concholepas , a predator characteristic of the southeastern Pacific coast. Movement duration, decision time, route finding and lateralization were measured using a T-maze tank with a prey positioned behind a barrier. Four treatments, representing present day and near-future scenarios of ocean acidification and warming were used in rearing the individuals for 6 months. Regardless of the treatment, no significant differences were found in relative and absolute lateralization before and after exposure for 6 months. However, relative lateralization was not repeatable for animals tested after 6 months at elevated P  CO 2   at both experimental temperatures, whereas it was repeatable in individuals kept at the present day level of P  CO 2  We suggest that these effects may be related to a behavioural malfunction caused by elevated P  CO 2  Movement duration, decision time and route finding were not repeatable. However, movement duration and decision time increased and route finding decreased in elevated P  CO 2   (at 15°C), suggesting that elevated P  CO 2   has negative effects on the locomotor and sensory performance of C. concholepas in the presence of a prey odour, thereby decreasing their ability to forage efficiently.

Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and temperature on locomotion and the repeatability of lateralization in a keystone marine mollusc