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The historical legacy of the eastern prairies between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers in the 1830s is dominated by a series of violent confrontations between Indians and the U.S. Army. Though the "Black Hawk Wars" involved just a few of the Indians living along the Mississippi River watershed, these conflicts epitomize commonly held understandings of Indian-white relations in the region: a violent clash of cultures in which Indians valiantly, but unsuccessfully, fought against American expansion. Contradicting this binary, Iowa Indian leaders under - stood that their communities had potentially much to gain from aspects of white expansion. The primary purpose of this article is to look beyond circumscribed definitions of Indian-white relations and to illustrate how the Iowa used an assort - ment of political, economic, and social tactics to help shape their rapidly changing world. Confronting declining wildlife resources, the Iowa began reshaping their economies toward what they hoped would be a more stable agricultural future while initiating diplomatic relations with American agents to help mitigate recur - ring and more immediate tensions with powerful Indian adversaries. In the summer of 1830, U.S. Treaty Commissioner William Clark called a council at Prairie du Chien on the Mississippi River with members of the Sac, Fox, Sioux, and Iowa tribes in order to clarify boundaries between these rival Indian groups. Clark wanted to make the region between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers more attractive to Euro-American settlers, and he hoped that defining the Indians' territorial boundaries would quell the intratribal warfare that had marked the previous decade. During the meeting, most Indian leaders claimed large portions of this territory as necessary hunting grounds, insisting that additional available lands were needed for hunting game. The Iowa representatives, however, highlighted

"We are not now as we once were": Iowa Indians' Political and Economic Adaptations during U.S. Incorporation