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We would like to congratulate Jianqing Fan for an excellent and well-written survey of some of the lit erature in this area. We will here focus on some of the issues which are at the research frontiers in finan cial econometrics but are not covered in the survey. Most importantly, we consider the estimation of actual volatility. Related to this is the realization that financial data is actually observed with error (typically called market microstructure), and that one needs to consider a hidden semimartingale model. This has implications for the Markov models discussed above. For reasons of space, we have not included refer ences to all the relevant work by the authors that are cited, but we have tried to include at least one refer ence to each of the main contributors to the realized volatility area.

Comment: A Selective Overview of Nonparametric Methods in Financial Econometrics