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Estradiol stimulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) via the activation of plasma membrane (PM)-associated estrogen receptor (ER) alpha. The process requires Src and erk signaling and eNOS phosphorylation by phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3 kinase)-Akt kinase, with Src and PI3 kinase associating with ERalpha upon ligand activation. To delineate the basis of nongenomic eNOS stimulation, the potential roles of ERalpha domains necessary for classical nuclear function were investigated in COS-7 cells. In cross-linking studies, estradiol-17beta (E2) caused PM-associated ERalpha to form dimers. However, eNOS activation by E2 was unaltered for a dimerization-deficient mutant ERalpha (ERalphaL511R). In contrast, ERalpha mutants lacking the nuclear localization signals (NLS), NLS2,3 (ERalphaDelta250-274) or the DNA binding domain (ERalphaDelta185-251), which targeted normally to PM and caveolae/rafts, were incapable of activating eNOS. The loss of NLS2/NLS3 prevented Src and erk activation, and it altered ligand-induced PI3 kinase-ERalpha interaction and prevented eNOS phosphorylation. Loss of the DNA binding domain did not change E2 activation of Src or erk, but ligand-induced PI3 kinase-ERalpha binding and eNOS phosphorylation did not occur. Thus, dimerization is not required for ERalpha coupling to eNOS; however, NLS2/NLS3 plays a role in Src activation, and the DNA binding region is involved in the dynamic interaction between ERalpha and PI3 kinase.

Dissecting the Basis of Nongenomic Activation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase by Estradiol: Role of ERα Domains with Known Nuclear Functions